Graft-versus-Host Disease: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers

Graft-versus-Host Disease: An Overview

Introduction Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication that can occur after stem cell or bone marrow transplantation. It occurs when the donor’s immune cells, which are transplanted along with the new stem cells or bone marrow, attack the recipient’s tissues. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including skin rashes, diarrhea, liver damage, and even death.

Types of GVHD There are two main types of GVHD: acute and chronic.

• Acute GVHD occurs within the first 100 days after transplantation. It is typically characterized by skin rashes, diarrhea, and liver damage.
• Chronic GVHD occurs more than 100 days after transplantation. It can affect any organ in the body, but it most commonly affects the skin, lungs, liver, and gastrointestinal tract.

Risk Factors for GVHD The risk of developing GVHD depends on a number of factors, including:

• The type of transplant
• The degree of mismatch between the donor and recipient’s immune systems
• The recipient’s age and overall health
• The use of immunosuppressive drugs

Symptoms of GVHD The symptoms of GVHD can vary depending on the type of GVHD and the organs that are affected. Common symptoms include:

• Skin rashes
• Diarrhea
• Liver damage
• Lungs problems
• Gastrointestinal problems
• Eye problems
• Mouth problems
• Fatigue
• Weight loss

Diagnosis of GVHD GVHD is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A biopsy of the affected tissue may also be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment of GVHD The treatment of GVHD depends on the severity of the disease. Mild cases may only require supportive care, such as fluids and pain medication. More severe cases may require immunosuppressive drugs or even a second stem cell transplant.

Prevention of GVHD There are a number of things that can be done to prevent GVHD, including:

• Matching the donor and recipient’s immune systems as closely as possible
• Using immunosuppressive drugs
• Performing a stem cell transplant from a related donor

Prognosis of GVHD The prognosis of GVHD depends on the severity of the disease and the patient’s overall health. The overall survival rate for patients with acute GVHD is about 50%. The survival rate for patients with chronic GVHD is about 30%.

Conclusion GVHD is a serious complication that can occur after stem cell or bone marrow transplantation. It is important to be aware of the risk factors for GVHD and to take steps to prevent it. If GVHD does occur, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.