Congenital Hip Dysplasia: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Hip Dysplasia, Congenital: A Comprehensive Guide

Congenital hip dysplasia (CHD) is a condition that affects the hip joint at birth. It occurs when the ball of the thigh bone (femur) does not fit snugly into the socket of the pelvis (acetabulum). This can cause the hip joint to be unstable and may lead to pain, stiffness, and disability if left untreated.

CHD is one of the most common birth defects, affecting approximately 1 in 1,000 babies in the United States. It is more common in girls than in boys, and it is also more common in firstborn children.

The exact cause of CHD is unknown, but it is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some risk factors for CHD include:

• Family history: CHD tends to run in families, so if you have a family member with CHD, you are at an increased risk of having a child with the condition.
• Breech presentation: Babies who are born breech (feet first) are at an increased risk of CHD because this can put pressure on the hip joint.
• Tight swaddling: Swaddling a baby too tightly can prevent the hips from moving freely, which can increase the risk of CHD.

CHD can be diagnosed with a physical exam and X-rays. Treatment for CHD typically involves a combination of physical therapy, splinting, and surgery.

Signs and Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of CHD can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Some common signs and symptoms include:

• Asymmetrical skin folds on the thighs: One thigh fold may be higher than the other.
• Limited range of motion in the hip: The baby may not be able to move the hip as far as the other side.
• A clicking or popping sound when the hip is moved: This is known as Ortolani’s sign.
• Pain or discomfort in the hip: The baby may cry or fuss when the hip is moved.

If you notice any of these signs and symptoms in your baby, it is important to see a doctor right away. Early diagnosis and treatment of CHD can help to prevent long-term problems.

Treatment

The treatment for CHD typically involves a combination of physical therapy, splinting, and surgery.

• Physical therapy: Physical therapy can help to strengthen the muscles around the hip joint and improve the range of motion.
• Splinting: Splinting can help to keep the hip joint in place and prevent it from dislocating.
• Surgery: Surgery may be necessary in some cases to correct the hip joint.

The type of treatment that is recommended will depend on the severity of the CHD. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be necessary.

Prognosis

The prognosis for CHD depends on the severity of the condition and the age at which treatment is started. With early diagnosis and treatment, most children with CHD will have a good prognosis. However, some children with severe CHD may have long-term problems, such as:

• Hip pain and stiffness: This can make it difficult to walk, run, and play.
• Hip dislocation: This can occur if the hip joint is not stable.
• Early onset of arthritis: CHD can increase the risk of developing arthritis in the hip joint later in life.

Prevention

There is currently no way to prevent CHD. However, there are some things that you can do to reduce the risk of your baby developing CHD, such as:

• Avoid tight swaddling: Swaddling a baby too tightly can prevent the hips from moving freely, which can increase the risk of CHD.
• Encourage tummy time: Tummy time helps to strengthen the muscles around the hip joint and may help to prevent CHD.
• Talk to your doctor about CHD: If you have a family history of CHD, talk to your doctor about the risks and what you can do to reduce the risk of your baby developing CHD.

Conclusion

CHD is a common birth defect that can lead to pain, stiffness, and disability if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis and treatment, most children with CHD will have a good prognosis. If you notice any of the signs and symptoms of CHD in your baby, it is important to see a doctor right away.