Jaundice in Newborns: Understanding Hyperbilirubinemia

Jaundice in Newborns (Hyperbilirubinemia)

Jaundice is a common condition in newborns that occurs when there is a buildup of bilirubin, a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. In most cases, jaundice is harmless and will resolve on its own within a few weeks. However, in some cases, jaundice can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as liver disease or a blood disorder.

What Causes Jaundice in Newborns?

Jaundice in newborns is caused by a combination of factors, including:

• Immaturity of the liver. The liver is responsible for removing bilirubin from the blood. In newborns, the liver is not fully mature and may not be able to remove bilirubin as effectively as it does in adults.
• Increased production of bilirubin. Newborns produce more bilirubin than adults because their red blood cells break down more quickly.
• Decreased excretion of bilirubin. Bilirubin is excreted in the urine and stool. Newborns may not excrete bilirubin as effectively as adults because they have a smaller urine output and they do not produce stool as frequently.

What Are the Symptoms of Jaundice in Newborns?

The most common symptom of jaundice in newborns is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. The yellow color is caused by the buildup of bilirubin in the blood. Other symptoms of jaundice in newborns may include:

• Dark yellow urine
• Pale or clay-colored stools
• Fussiness
• Poor feeding
• Lethargy

How Is Jaundice in Newborns Diagnosed?

Jaundice in newborns is diagnosed with a physical exam and a blood test. The blood test will measure the level of bilirubin in the blood.

How Is Jaundice in Newborns Treated?

In most cases, jaundice in newborns does not require treatment. The condition will usually resolve on its own within a few weeks. However, in some cases, treatment may be necessary to lower the level of bilirubin in the blood. Treatment options for jaundice in newborns may include:

• Phototherapy. Phototherapy is a treatment that uses light to break down bilirubin in the blood. The newborn is placed under a special light for several hours each day.
• Exchange transfusion. An exchange transfusion is a procedure in which the newborn’s blood is replaced with donor blood. This procedure is only used in severe cases of jaundice.

What Are the Complications of Jaundice in Newborns?

In most cases, jaundice in newborns is harmless and will not cause any complications. However, in some cases, jaundice can lead to complications, such as:

• Kernicterus. Kernicterus is a condition that can occur when bilirubin levels in the blood become too high. Kernicterus can cause brain damage and other serious health problems.
• Liver damage. Jaundice can also lead to liver damage in some cases.

How Can Jaundice in Newborns Be Prevented?

There is no sure way to prevent jaundice in newborns. However, there are some things that can be done to reduce the risk of developing jaundice, such as:

• Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding can help to reduce the risk of jaundice in newborns. Breast milk contains a substance that helps to break down bilirubin.
• Avoiding dehydration. Dehydration can increase the risk of jaundice in newborns. Make sure that your newborn is getting enough fluids, especially if they are breastfeeding.

When to Call the Doctor

Call your doctor if your newborn has any of the following symptoms of jaundice:

• Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes that is getting worse
• Dark yellow urine
• Pale or clay-colored stools
• Fussiness
• Poor feeding
• Lethargy

Conclusion

Jaundice is a common condition in newborns that is usually harmless and will resolve on its own within a few weeks. However, in some cases, jaundice can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition. It is important to call your doctor if your newborn has any of the symptoms of jaundice.