Cysts, Ovarian, Functional

Cysts: Ovarian, Functional

Introduction

A cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can develop in various parts of the body, including the ovaries. Ovarian cysts are common in women of all ages, with functional cysts being the most prevalent type. Functional ovarian cysts are non-cancerous and typically resolve on their own without causing any symptoms.

Types of Functional Ovarian Cysts

There are two main types of functional ovarian cysts:

• Follicular cysts: These cysts develop from immature follicles that fail to ovulate. Follicles are small sacs in the ovaries that contain eggs. Usually, a follicle ruptures and releases an egg during ovulation, but if this does not happen, a follicular cyst can form.
• Corpus luteum cysts: These cysts develop from the corpus luteum, a structure that forms after ovulation. The corpus luteum produces the hormone progesterone, which helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy. If the corpus luteum does not dissolve, it can fill with fluid and form a cyst.

Causes of Functional Ovarian Cysts

The exact cause of functional ovarian cysts is unknown, but they are thought to be related to hormonal imbalances. The most common factors that can contribute to the formation of functional cysts include:

• Menstrual irregularities
• Obesity
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Certain medications

Symptoms of Functional Ovarian Cysts

Most functional ovarian cysts do not cause any symptoms and are often discovered during a routine pelvic exam or ultrasound. However, if a cyst becomes large or ruptures, it can cause symptoms such as:

• Pelvic pain
• Abdominal bloating
• Irregular menstrual bleeding
• Painful intercourse
• Nausea or vomiting
• Urgent or frequent urination
• Constipation

Diagnosis of Functional Ovarian Cysts

Functional ovarian cysts are typically diagnosed through a pelvic exam and ultrasound. During a pelvic exam, your doctor will feel your abdomen and ovaries to check for any masses or abnormalities. An ultrasound is a painless procedure that uses sound waves to create images of your ovaries and uterus. This allows your doctor to visualize the cysts and determine their size and location.

Treatment of Functional Ovarian Cysts

Most functional ovarian cysts resolve on their own within a few months. Treatment is usually only necessary if the cyst is causing symptoms or is large in size. Treatment options include:

• Observation: If the cyst is small and not causing any symptoms, your doctor may recommend observation. They will monitor the cyst over time to see if it resolves on its own.
• Medications: Oral contraceptives or other hormonal medications may be prescribed to regulate your menstrual cycle and prevent further cyst formation.
• Surgery: In rare cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a functional cyst if it is large, persistent, or causing severe symptoms.

Complications of Functional Ovarian Cysts

Most functional ovarian cysts are benign and do not cause any serious complications. However, some complications can occur, including:

• Ovarian torsion: This is a condition in which the ovary twists around its supporting ligament, cutting off blood supply. Ovarian torsion can cause severe pain and requires emergency surgery.
• Cyst rupture: A cyst can rupture due to trauma or enlargement. This can cause sudden and severe pain, along with internal bleeding.
• Infection: A cyst can become infected, which can lead to fever, chills, and pain. Infection requires treatment with antibiotics.

Prognosis for Functional Ovarian Cysts

The prognosis for functional ovarian cysts is excellent. Most cysts resolve on their own within a few months, and only a small percentage of women experience complications.

Prevention of Functional Ovarian Cysts

There is no sure way to prevent functional ovarian cysts from forming. However, managing menstrual irregularities, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking can help reduce your risk.

Conclusion

Functional ovarian cysts are common non-cancerous growths that typically do not cause any symptoms. They usually resolve on their own without treatment. However, if a cyst is causing symptoms or is large in size, your doctor may recommend observation, medication, or surgery.